GHK-Cu is a naturally occurring copper-binding tripeptide found in human plasma, saliva, and urine. Discovered in 1973, GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine) readily forms a complex with copper (Cu2+), enhancing its bioavailability. Plasma levels decline with age: approximately 200 ng/mL at age 20, decreasing to 80 ng/mL by age 60. The GHK sequence is present in the alpha 2(I) chain of type I collagen and the SPARC protein, and is released from tissues after injury to initiate tissue repair. GHK-Cu has been extensively studied for over four decades and is widely used in cosmetic and anti-aging products.
Minutes
Topical
0
403.9 Da (GHK-Cu complex); 340.4 Da (free GHK)
GHK-Cu acts through multiple mechanisms: (1) Copper delivery - facilitates copper transport to cells for enzymatic reactions; (2) Gene modulation - affects expression of 31.2% of human genes, upregulating 59% and suppressing 41%; (3) SIRT1 activation - directly binds and activates SIRT1, a key longevity-associated deacetylase; (4) TGF-beta pathway modulation - activates tissue remodeling pathways; (5) NF-kB suppression - blocks inflammatory signaling; (6) Antioxidant activity - scavenges free radicals and lipid peroxidation byproducts; (7) Collagen stimulation - increases collagen I, III, elastin, and glycosaminoglycan synthesis through fibroblast activation.
Over 40 years of research primarily in topical/cosmetic applications. Strong evidence for skin rejuvenation and wound healing. Injectable/systemic use lacks rigorous human clinical trials - most evidence comes from in vitro, animal studies, and mechanistic research.
Gly-His-Lys (Glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine)