Pinealon (EDR, Glu-Asp-Arg) is a synthetic short tripeptide developed by Russian scientist Vladimir Khavinson and colleagues as part of the bioregulatory peptide research program. The peptide is designed to target the pineal gland and central nervous system. Research has shown that this ultrashort peptide can penetrate cell membranes and enter the nucleus, where it may interact with DNA and regulate gene expression epigenetically. Pinealon has demonstrated antioxidant, neuroprotective, and potential anti-aging properties in various preclinical studies.
Minutes
Sublingual
1
~418 Da
Pinealon exerts its effects through multiple mechanisms: (1) Cell and nuclear penetration - the short tripeptide can penetrate cell membranes and nuclear membranes, entering the nucleus where it interacts with DNA. (2) Epigenetic regulation - binds to specific DNA sequences (CCTGCC found in the 5-tryptophan hydroxylase gene) to regulate gene expression. (3) Antioxidant activity - dose-dependently suppresses reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in neurons and other cell types. (4) Anti-apoptotic effects - reduces necrotic cell death through ERK 1/2 signaling modulation. (5) Serotonin synthesis stimulation - upregulates tryptophan hydroxylase and serotonin expression in brain cortex cells. (6) Anti-inflammatory effects - reduces IL-6 and TNF levels in hypoxic conditions. (7) Neurogenesis promotion - increases neurogenesis and cell proliferation.
Pinealon (EDR peptide) has been studied primarily by Russian researchers. Evidence is mostly from in vitro cell culture studies and animal models. Only one small human trial (n=32) is available. Consistent effects in preclinical models but lacks robust clinical validation.
Glu-Asp-Arg (EDR)